Eymp 5 Support Children’s Speech, Language and Communication.

EYMP 5 Support children’s speech, language and communication. 1.1) Explain each of the terms: †¢ Speech – The act of speaking, verbal communication. The act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings or ideas by articulate sounds or words. †¢ Language – Method of communication either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way. A recognised structured system of gestures, signs and symbols used to communicate. Body of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation, geographical area or same cultural tradition. †¢ Communication – Transmission of thoughts, feelings or information via body language, signals, speech, writing or behaviour.†¦show more content†¦Children model their own behaviour on others and if adults can effectively communicate and exchange age or developmental appropriate information with children this can encourage them to behave in acceptable ways. Frustration at their own inability to communicate effectively can lead to behavioural problems. †¢ Social – Talking out loud helps children to work through ideas, feelings and frustrations. In doing this children start to empathise and see other peoples point of view, and gradually become able to think about other people’s needs and feelings. This helps children to develop socially acceptable behaviour and build their confidence. Communicating with other children or adults in social situations helps children to understand what is expected of them and to enjoy participating. Children that have difficulties with speech, language and communication may find that their social development is impaired and they become awkward in social situations. 1.3) Describe potential impacts of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and in the longer term Speech, language and communication difficulties can have a profound and lasting effect on children’s lives and development. These can affect their ability to communicate and interact with others. The impact of these difficulties will vary depending on the severity of the problems, the support they receive, the demands of the child’s environmentShow MoreRelatedLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 Pageswithin their own course materials. You may copy and paste any material from this document; however, CACHE does not accept any liability for any incomplete or inaccurate copying and subsequent use of this information. The use of PDF versions of our support materials on the CACHE website will ensure that correct and up-to-date information is provided to learners. All photographs appearing in this handbook have a signed parental release form and are the exclusive property of CACHE. They are protectedRead MoreMeeting the Needs of a Childs Speech, Comm unication, and Language2002 Words   |  8 PagesEYMP 5: Support children’s speech, language communication Introduction There are many needs that need to be met by children and one of them is speech, language and communication. LO1 1.1 Speech- To talk out loud, to express themselves and how they are feeling, such as in my placement when the older ones in he under two’s say â€Å"help please† to put their shoes on. â€Å"Verbal communication: the act of speaking. The articulation of words to express thoughts, feelings or ideas.† Meggit et al (2011:327)Read MoreChild Care Level 311778 Words   |  48 Pages promote communication in health, social care or children and young people’s settings (ShC 31) Chapter 1 aC 1.1 1.2 What you need to know the different reasons people communicate how communication affects relationships in the work setting aC What you need to do 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication DemonstrateRead MoreDuty of Care Assignment Level 3 Cache Diploma7178 Words   |  29 Pagesframe so that they don’t copy his actions and hurt themselves. It is always prudent to involve a senior member of staff or specialist area staff, i.e. Senco, when approaching parents about sensitive issues involving their children CYP CORE 3.4 SUPPORT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S HEALTH AND SAFETY 3.2 Explain the dilemma between the rights and choices of children and young people and health and safety requirements Children are not always able to make safe choices as they may not be aware of dangersRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesLevel 2 Certificate in Cover Supervision Subject Code: 501/1718/X Ascentis Level 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1719/1 Level 3 Award/Certificate/Diploma Level 3 Award in Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools Level 3 Certificate in Supporting Teaching and Learning Level 3 Certificate in Cover Supervision Level 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning Mandatory / Optional Unit Booklet Ofqual Accreditation Start Date: Ofqual

The Stupendous Correlation free essay sample

What defines a successful leader? In Machiavelli’s The Prince, the author provides an ideal model to follow: a leader should exemplify intelligence, practice appropriate virtues, and be greatly loved by the people (Machiavelli). These guidelines heavily influence the effectiveness of a leader’s realm. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the two political leaders demonstrate viable examples of the struggle to practice Machiavellian guidelines. Claudius and Hamlet attempt to follow all of the guidelines of the Prince, but fall short in other aspects. Claudius fails to exhibit some of the Machiavellian principles, but appropriately exemplifies others. The antagonist does not to practice virtue when he murders his brother for personal gain. Murder in itself is immoral, thus making Claudius’ action a vice. This fact hinders Claudius’ leadership because of the overwhelming sense of guilt that he felt. A leader cannot be effective if they possess excessive guilt within them, which in turn negatively affects a leader’s efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stupendous Correlation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, Claudius does meet some of the Machiavellian rules. For instance, European opinion thought it to be incestuous when a man married his brother’s wife. Through his Machiavellian traits of intelligence and manipulation, Claudius somehow convinced the public that his marriage to Gertrude was legitimate. The fact that the public pardoned Claudius from this Elizabethan atrocity proves his ability as a Machiavellian leader. In contrast, his failure to practice appropriate virtue shows that Claudius is not entirely a Machiavellian leader. Hamlet only partially meets the Machiavellian guidelines. The fact that he is greatly loved by the people is most certainly a Machiavellian quality. This can be proved when Claudius debates whether or not to send Hamlet to England to be killed, but realizes the public’s love for Hamlet, â€Å"Yet must not we put the strong law on him: He’s loved of the distracted multitude† (4.3 3-4). Claudius obviously hesita tes to send Hamlet to die due to the fact that the public would get upset. Hamlet unsuccessfully practices Machiavellian policies when he does not practice appropriate virtue. For instance, when he makes crude sexual comments to Ophelia (3.2), he undoubtedly fails to practice virtue. This proves to be an obstruction of Hamlet receiving the fullness of being a Machiavellian prince. The public’s love for Hamlet and his inability to practice virtue show that Hamlet is not a full embodiment of a Machiavellian prince. Had Hamlet surpassed the life of the king and ascended the throne himself, he would have made a much more practical king. King Claudius does not show as many Machiavellian traits as Hamlet does. While there are many minor examples of why Hamlet is the better leader, the fact that Claudius killed his own brother ultimately proves that Hamlet is the better suited king. A good leader is supposed to be noble and chivalrous. For one, the least chivalrous action one can co mmit is to kill their own brother. Secondly, it is Hamlet who seeks to avenge his father’s death, perhaps the noblest deed that one can do. Hamlet is undoubtedly more of a Machiavellian leader in the play, and would have made a better king if he had survived Claudius. Machiavelli’s principles are often referenced in the play Hamlet in regard to Claudius and Hamlet. These characters fail to acknowledge some of Machiavelli’s counsel. Despite their ignorance, they actually endorse other aspects of Machiavelli’s teachings. Even though both characters struggle to uphold the practical guidelines of being a proper ruler, it is ultimately Hamlet that proves to be the better leader. If a ruler exemplifies chivalrous traits and is greatly loved by the people, they attest to being the superior leaders.

US Foreign Policy in the Balkans

Introduction United States occupies a distinguishing position in global affairs. Never in history has a single country conquered the international arena to the extent that the U.S. does today, courtesy of its foreign policies, which continue to draw mixed reactions, ranging from admiration to envy and hatred (Cameron, 2005 p. xvi).  However, admirers and critics of U.S. foreign policies are often in agreement that no matter what the indicator – military might, economic vitality, democratic principles, political persuasion, and cultural model – the country is indeed in a league of its own.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Foreign Policy in the Balkans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The U.S. is the only superpower in the world and the only country able to project power and influence in every part of the world (Glenny, 2000), a fact reinforced by Cameron (2005), who notes that the U.S. h as been involved in resolving conflicts on every continent since the early 1990s either through military engagement or peaceful negotiations. This demonstrates that contrary to assertions made by critics to the effect that the U.S. does not have sound foreign policies (Kavalski, 2005), it is indeed in the frontline when it comes to expediting its values and interests in foreign countries.  This paper will critically evaluate the U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans, both during the cold war era and also in post-cold war period. According to Cameron (2005), â€Å"†¦foreign policy refers to a consistent course of actions followed by one nation to deal with another nation or region, or international issue† (p. xvii). In the context of this paper.  Therefore, the U.S. foreign policy would refer to the values and interests projected by the U.S. in the Balkans, a region largely made up of a number of countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Mace donia, Montenegro, and Serbia (US Department of State, 2011). Apart from Kosovo, which was considered as a province in Serbia, the other countries were considered as republics under the Yugoslavia federation during the cold war era, not mentioning the fact that they heavily leaned towards communist principles and ideologies perpetrated by the former USSR immediately after the Second World War (Eskridge-Kosmach, 2009). These political and ideological leanings towards communism greatly affected United States relations with Eastern Europe, and it was not until the collapse and disintegration of the USSR and communist ideologies in 1991 that real progress in the U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans began to take shape (Trachtenberg, 2008). US Foreign Policy in the Balkans during Cold War Era Immediately after the Second World War, the U.S. and her allies became cognizant of the fact that they had lost significant control of Eastern Europe to the Soviet Union. As such, the U.S acknowledged anti-communism to be its guiding standard to foreign policy in the region during the cold war era.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The U.S. adopted a non-military foreign policy to stabilize Western Europe and prevent communist ideologies from encroaching Western Europe territory, while devising rigid policies that could decrease the Soviet Union’s influence in Eastern Europe and at the same time not be seen as a direct provocation to the Soviet Union (Trachtenberg, 2008). Some scholars have argued that the U.S. attempted to pursue a foreign policy that would make countries under Soviet’s influence in the Balkans to become economically dependent on the West and, if possible, coerce them into joining Western alliances, including NATO (Cameron, 2007 p. 9). This policy was meant to decrease the Soviet’s control, achieve potentially considerabl e geopolitical advantages, bring democracy to the Soviet bloc, recover lost trade and markets in the Balkans, and ensure a more stable and prosperous Europe (Trachtenberg, 2008). In 1948, the U.S. saw an opportunity to project its foreign policy in the Balkans when Josip Tito’s government in Yugoslavia split with the Soviet Union for pursuing domestic and foreign affairs policies that, according to Stalin, fundamentally deviated from the Marxist-Leninist line of thought. Yugoslav literature reveals that the breakup with Moscow was precipitated by Tito’s idea of pursuing a separate course towards socialism that could not be reconciled with the hegemonic model of the hierarchical organization witnessed in the socialist bloc (Perovic, 2007). The breakup notwithstanding, many scholars have underlined the â€Å"importance of Yugoslavia to the United States in its ‘wedge strategy’ directed towards the Soviet Bloc countries† (Eskridge-Kosmach, 2009 p. 383) . Of importance is the fact that the Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower administrations saw emergent opportunities for the U.S. to develop relations with Yugoslavia, a former strong ally of the Soviet Union. According to O’Brien (2006), this foreign policy was meant to alleviate the Soviet military power in addition to discrediting the Soviet tactics in the Balkans. This gives credence to the idea that a major hallmark of the U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans during the cold war was to discredit communism and prevent its spread.  The above policies failed to achieve much, prompting the U.S. to initiate a new foreign policy in the Balkans in the 1960s under the â€Å"New Deal.† According to Eskridge-Kosmach (2009), the new foreign policy focused on initiating â€Å"economic reforms aimed at the improvement of the system of ‘workers self-administration,’ stimulation of the private initiative in agriculture, and de-centralization of the economic man agement† (p. 385). In addition, the U.S. also encouraged communist countries to disobey Soviet imperialism, hoping that the economic reforms would trigger an ‘evolution’ from the communist model to national independence and free democratic societies (Trachtenberg, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on US Foreign Policy in the Balkans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Humanitarian relations and bi-lateral trade agreements with preferential terms were encompassed in the U.S’ â€Å"building bridges† concept that it entered with countries in the Balkans who exhibited a desire for political liberalization and the establishment of a representative government (Eskridge-Kosmach, 2009). It is worth mentioning that the U.S., in its attempts to progress these policies in the Balkans, did not want to break with the Soviet Union or create a scenario that would have led to a military confrontation with the Soviet, thus employed diplomacy and foreign aid to reach out to countries in the Balkans. However, much of the aid to the Balkans remained humanitarian assistance, not development aid (O’Brien, 2006). US Foreign Policy in the Balkans in Post-Cold War Era Opinion remains divided about the U.S. post cold war foreign policy in the Balkans, with some commentators arguing that the U.S. has been keen not to be drawn into geopolitical and ethnic-related conflicts that rocked the region after the disintegration of the Soviet Union (Brown, 2005), while others suggest that the Balkans has indeed become an emblematic feature of post-cold war geography of United States’ international relations (Joseph, 2005). According to Daalder (2002), â€Å"the U.S. debate over engagement in the Balkans has been conducted primarily in terms of the burdens the United States and Europe should carry in attempting to improve conditions in the region† (p. 3). While the EU accepts that it should bear the main burden in the reconstruction of the Balkans, it also expects others, including the U.S., to contribute. It is clear that the U.S. foreign policy of military intervention through NATO-sanctioned air strikes against Serb targets helped to end the wars witnessed in the Balkans in the 1990’s, though many analysts still maintain that the U.S. was late in its contribution, leading to the massacre of thousands of people (Brown, 2009). However, it should be remembered that in the mid-1990s, the U.S. diplomatic efforts played an instrumental part in the establishment of the Dayton Peace Agreements, which led to the halting of hostilities among warring parties in the Balkans by crafting the decentralized political system of Bosnia. However, the Dayton political compromise is largely viewed across various quarters as an unworkable one, and which hinders the successful integration of Bosnia into Euro-Atlantic institutions (Woehrel, 2009). One major post-cold war objective of the U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans is to stabilize the region in a way that is self-sustaining, democratic and does not require the frequent intervention of NATO-led forces and international diplomats (Woehrel, 2009), In equal measure, the United States has considerably assisted in the transition of the Balkan countries that were formerly under the Soviet bloc by encouraging political and economic reform, and by orienting them to join the EU and other Euro-Atlantic institutions (Veremis, 2001; Wisner, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many countries in the Balkan are now holding free and fair elections, have vibrant civil society groups that are free to express a wide variety of views, and the independence of the media is almost guaranteed (Woehrel, 2009). This again demonstrates that the U.S. foreign policy in the Balkans has clearly underlined the need for the countries involved to shed off communist policies and ideologies, and embrace Western democratic principles and values. To support the rule of law and the punishment of initiators of the 1990’s Balkan war, the U.S. continues to condition developmental aid to Serbia on the full cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), not mentioning that the U.S. has initiated active mechanisms to support NATO membership for the countries in the Balkans (Woehrel, 2009). The U.S. continues to demand constitutional reforms in countries such as Bosnia and Serbia, implying that its foreign policy in the Balkans is more orie nted in solidifying the democratic gains so far been achieved. Woehrel (2009) also notes that the Balkans still â€Å"have a higher strategic profile given U.S. use of military bases in Romania and Bulgaria, which could be useful for U.S. operations in the Middle East† (p. 1). The U.S. has also played a role in facilitating economic reform in the Balkans and ensuring that countries achieve fiscal and monetary austerity. However, resistance to economic transparency, weak and corrupt state structures, and the absence of the rule of law in a number of countries continue to hinder progress in the economic front (Woehrel, 2009). It is important to note that the U.S role in the Balkans is largely viewed as peripheral since the EU is the mandated institution to oversee economic and political reforms in the Balkans, and to bring countries to join Euro-Atlantic institutions, thus stabilizing the region and the whole of Europe (Veremis, 2001; Joseph, 2005). The observation can be reinf orced by the fact that President Bush’ foreign policy in the Balkans oscillated along â€Å"controlled and gradual military and economic disengagement from the Western Balkans, allowing EU to fill this gap† (Sakellariou, 2011 para. 3). Through diplomatic means, however, the U.S. played perhaps the most fundamental role towards Kosovo’s independence, by pushing the latter to unilaterally proclaim her independence and by pressuring other EU member states to also recognize Kosovo’s independence (Dunn, 2009). Although the U.S. still maintains ground forces in Kosovo, and although the U.S. still retains its political and diplomatic clout in the region, it has substantially reduced the costs of its commitments in the Balkans, particularly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States (Sakellariou, 2011). International concerns, including the war on global terrorism and political stabilization of Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East, have substantially placed strains on U.S. resources, forcing the country to reduce its attention in the Balkans. In keeping with its current main foreign policy priority, however, the U.S. still actively engages the Balkans to stop terrorists from operating in countries such as Bosnia and Albania (Brown, 2009). The U.S. has also succeeded in bringing many countries in the Balkans to support the war on global terrorism. It is worthwhile to note that the Obama Admistration still pushes for further stabilization of the Balkans, but has continued to keep the region low on the U.S. foreign policy radar, in part due to the war on global terrorism and the stabilization of Iraq and Afghanistan. Conclusion Many policy analysts still feel that the U.S. should strengthen its foreign policy in the Balkans due to the perceived incapacity of the EU to give the needed impetus in the region, and also due to increasing Russia’s influence (Sakellariou, 2011). It is indeed true that the U.S. has for over a decade provided significant aid, advice and troop deployments to countries in the Balkans, but more still needs to be done to solidify the political, economic and democratic gains so far achieved, to uproot possible terrorist networks in the region, and to enhance trade ties with the region (Wisner, 2008; Joseph, 2005). It is imperative to note that unlike the EU, the U.S. still enjoys a substantial political credibility and good will in the Balkans, particularly among the Bosniaks and Albanians (Sakellariou, 2011). As such, it is only proper for the U.S. to remain committed towards solving the serious problems that still affects the region, including weak government structures, ineffective and politicized public administrations, weak and politicized judicial systems, government corruption and organized crime (Woehrel, 2009). A stable Balkans will not only ensure peace and prosperity in Europe, but also in the whole world. Reference List Brown, K. 2009. â€Å"Evaluating U.S . Democracy Promotions in the Balkans: Ironies, Inconsistencies, and Unexamined Influences.† Problems of Post-Communism 56, no. 3, 3-15. Cameron, F. 2005. â€Å"US Foreign Policy after the Cold War,† 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Routledge. Daalder, I.H. 2002. â€Å"The United States, Europe, and the Balkans.† Problems of Post-Communism 49, no. 1, 3-12. Dunn, D.H. 2009. â€Å"Innovation and Precedent in the Kosovo War: The Impact of Operation Allied Force on U.S. Foreign Policy.† International Affairs 85, no. 3, 531-546. Eskridge-Kosmach, A. N. 2009. â€Å"Yugoslavia and US Foreign Policy in 1960-1970s of the 20th Century.† Journal of Slavic Military Studies 22, no. 3, 389-418. Glenny, M. 2000. â€Å"Has anyone seen our Policy?† Washington Quarterly 23, no. 4, 171-175. Joseph, E.P. 2005. â€Å"Back to the Balkans.† Foreign Affairs 84, no. 1, 111-122. Kavalski, E. 2005. â€Å"The Balkans after Iraq†¦Iraq after the Balkans: Who’s ne xt?† Perspectives on European Politics Society 6, no. 1, 103-127. O’Brien, J.C. 2006. â€Å"Brussels: Next Capital of the Balkans?† Washington Quarterly 29, no. 3, 71-87. Perovic, J. 2007. â€Å"The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence.† Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 2, 32-63. Sakeilariou, A. 2011. â€Å"Obama’s Policy in the Western Balkans: Following Bush’s Steps.† Web. Trachtenberg, M. 2008. â€Å"The United States and Eastern Europe in 1945.† Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 4, 94-132. U.S. Department of State. 2011. â€Å"Balkans Region.† Web. Veremis, T. 2001. â€Å"The End of History – American Views on the Balkans.† Journal of Southeast European Black Sea Studies 1, no. 2, 113-122. Wisner, F.G. 2008. â€Å"The United States and the Balkans: Achieving Kosovo’s Independence.† American Foreign Policy Interests 30, no. 4, 189-195. Woehrel, S. 2009. â€Å"Fut ure of the Balkans and U.S. Policy Concerns† Congressional Research Service. Web. This research paper on US Foreign Policy in the Balkans was written and submitted by user Zayden Tyson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Magic and witchcraft essays

Magic and witchcraft essays Beliefs in magic and witchcraft are both rational and have a social function in the social context in which they occur: discuss in relation to ethnography. Understanding the social function in the social context of magic and witchcraft, depended upon an understanding the meaning of magic and witchcraft. A well known British anthropologist Edward Evans- Pritchard, have study a group of African people call Azande, a tribe of Southern Sudan. According to his theory witchcraft and magic have different connotation in Zande culture and they have been distinguished. The word mangu is translated as witchcraft and in certain respect witchcraft and sorcery are similar. Both have common function, but their techniques are different. Witchcraft was said to be a psychic power which often inherited, it can be activated if the owner became angry or jealous, and this power are normally unconscious as well as limited to those with the substance in their body. Sorcery is skill which can be learnt by anyone and can be passed on through study. This skill also knows as black magic which can be defines as evil use of medicines. Both are used for pernicious private ends against the lives and property of law-abiding citizens. The word ngwa is translated as magic. Zande magic comprise the common characteristic of magic the world over, rite, spell, idea, tradition, and moral opinion associated with its use, taboo and other conditions of the magician and the rite (Evans-Pritchard, E., Witchcraft among the Azande, in Marwick M (ed) Witchcraft and Sorcery, 1970, Penguin.). In the same way as Zande social grouping, witches have their hierarchy, status and leadership. They gain experience by the tuition of elder witches. Generally specking, the older a man grows the more potent becomes his mangu and the violent and unscrupulous its use. So a child born of a witch parent has only little mangu, and can only do little...

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Sentencing and Punishment - Essay Example "Philosophical reflection on punishment has helped cause, and is itself partially an effect of, developments in the understanding of punishment that have taken place outside the academic world(STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA)i". In ordinary sense, punishment indicates a retributive treatment. Before going to the deeper, it is necessary to add that whatever the form of punishment may be, i. e. preventive, retributive, reformative and so on; the core purpose of punishment is to facilitate the offenders getting rectified and make other people conscious as to the negative impact of criminalities. In this context, before providing the treatment to a particular offender, the societal aspects of the offenders should be given utmost importance. In addition, it may also be reasoned that as without threat and coercion, the social order cannot be achieved the introduction of punishment for the prevention of crimes and maintaining social order is so necessary. The punishment awarded should be rational in proportion to the degree and nature of punishment. The effects of punishment have made people aware as to its consequences. Thus, the philosophical outlook of punishment is greatly laid in assessing the merits of punishments awarded. But the habitual offenders or recidivist should not be treated alike to that of other offenders. Axiomatically speaking, punishment should not be so atrocious rendering inhumane; not violating the right of the offenders; should be proportional. Justifiability of the Theories of Punishment Countries have developed different theories of punishment while dispensing the criminal justice system in their respective legal systems. Most prominent theories are deterrent, retributive, preventive and reformative. Principally, the purpose of deterrent theory is to keep the offenders aloof from committing the crimes. They are made understood as to the negative implications of the crimes. Efforts are also made to help the offenders in making rational decision as regards the consequences of punishment. Reasonably, there is no unanimous opinion as regards the suitability of retributive theory. "There is a mix theory involving the traditional retributivism and utilitarian arguments along with some other theoretical ideas (Sentencing Law and Policy, 2005)ii".Actually, neither of the punitive, retributive, or reformative treatment of punishment can serve the purpose of sustaining social instability. Both the punitive and reformative approach should be coordinated for the better result o f punishment and help building the society in a sophisticated manner. Punishment should be provided all alike. But, "many federal white collar defendants spend their increasingly long sentences in still low-security (Mike, 2005)iii". In America, race, gender and age are most prominent considerations in case of sentencing and punishing the offenders. "Young black males are sentenced more harshly than any other group and the influence of offender's age on sentencing is greater among males than females (STEFFENSMEIER, ULMER & KRAMER, 1998)iv". Statutory Provisions "Evidence of confessions or admissions is admissible in the court subject to certain conditions determining whether they are voluntary and/or reliable (Nobles & Schiff, 2000)v". It is certain that

Personal Statement for Applying University of California

For Applying University of California - Personal Statement Example I consider venturing into any activity that builds up my indispensable qualities as a business economist. The activities and qualities that are illustrated by this document manifest the degree of pursuance of my career. I developed an exceptionally strong interest in Business Economics which I made a decision to major in during my further education. Born in a middle class family where my parents gathered a lot of effort to raise me up, I quickly inferred the need for finance from this experience. As it is said, necessity is the mother of invention, and so I got interested in economics. My father’s insufficient knowledge and skills in financial control were my earliest cues to pursue economics to professional level. He ran a small business for selling fashion clothes, food factory – selling deep-fried flour sticks and grilled potatoes. His investment performed poorly in the stock markets during the financial crisis (downturn). Then his investment failed totally not long after. Key knowledge learnt here was about microeconomics and macroeconomics. I learnt how the limited knowledge on these fields impacted negatively my father’s investments. ... I also worked as an Exhibition promoter at Adecco Company where I learnt how culture affects the buying patterns. I developed strong communications skills during my work as an exhibition promoter. Before I joined the Adecco Company, I had gone for an internship at China Resource Vanguard Co. Ltd where I carried out database building and management while also doing research for the market. Prior to Adecco Company, I participated in several volunteer works while at Anza College; I volunteer for International Student Volunteer (ISV) where I helped and counseled senior students. I learnt, by dealing with the students, the skills of interacting with people both of my age and my seniors. I volunteered for Red Cross where I helped in planting of trees in the green society project and in packing food and other materials for the needs. As a volunteer in running for a Concession Stand in Flea in Flea Market at De Ana College, I learnt the skills of being a leader, organizing and managing teamw ork. At St. Joan of Arc Secondary School, I volunteered to teach the handicap to do easy jobs. I also participated in selling flats for volunteer organizations to raise funds. At St. Joan of Arc Secondary School, I volunteered to teach children in the underdeveloped country to learn Basic English and Chinese. In addition, I counseled senior citizens about finance, housing and daily life. I have participated in several student organizations and activities. First, at De Anza College, I took part in the President of Japanese Cultural Club (JCC) with lots of interest. I learnt about Japanese culture, I was a member of track and field varsity for sports activities; a member of cross cultural partners (CCP)

The Private Sector Essay Example for Free

The Private Sector Essay Below is a quick summary on the key events from the present day back to 1936 and a brief description of what each one is about 1936 Billy Butlin opens his first holiday camp at Skegness with over 600 chalets included 1938 Holidays with Pay Act introduced People given time off work whilst still getting paid 1946 Fred Pontin opens his first holiday camp near Weston-Super-Mare Competition to the Butlins holiday camp 1950 First packaged air holiday organized by Horizon Advance in technology allowing this to happen 1952. First jet airline passenger service faster and more comfortable way of travel 1959 First jet airline passenger service to Australia transport and technology has allowed for this to happen 1960 Number of domestic holidays exceeds 30 million for the first time and number of holidays rises to 3. 5 million showing an increase of people taking holidays Early 1960s First global distribution systems developed by American airline companies 1968 Worlds first commercial Hovercraft operated from Dover to Boulogne Advance in Technology and meant people could get across quicker than with ferry. 1969 Development of Tourism Act introduced. Formation of the British, English, Scottish and Wales Tourist Boards Government realized that they had to promote the country for tourism and for incoming and domestic tourists 1976 Concorde goes into service A supersonic transport plane built by Britain and France, begins passenger service 1981 60 per cent of households in the UK have regular use of at least one car More money been made and another form of transport meaning that domestic tourism can expand with people been able to travel in the UK easier. 1987 Number of holidays abroad exceeds 20 million for the first time, whilst domestic holidays fall to 28. 5 million, the lowest number since 1955 Showing that the advance in flying and cheaper holidays abroad with sun are tempting people to go that way 1992 EU Directive on package holidays introduced EU has found it important to pass legislation 1992 Department of National Heritage formed For Culture, Media and sports 1995 Le Shuttle and Eurostar carry first passengers through Channel Tunnel New quicker way of getting across the channel 1997 70 per cent of all households in the UK have regular use of at least one car Showing that more money is coming into the households 1998 Number of holidays abroad exceeds 30 million for first time Cheaper flights and cheaper accommodation abroad. More time 1998 An estimated 1. 4 million people purchased travel tickets on the internet New cheaper way of getting tickets for travel and also quicker 1999 The English Tourism Council replaced the English Tourist Board 2000 Air passenger duty reduced on economy flights removes barrier to the growth of inbound tourism. 2001 September 11th and Foot and Mouth disease hits Britain meaning restrictions to people going into certain places People afraid of flying after the 11th attacks. 2002 Terrorist bomb in Bali Effect on people wanting to travel, meaning there could be an increase in domestic tourism 2003 SARS broke out and in March Iraq war started For both, People not wanting to travel abroad meaning there could be an increase in domestic tourism The main reasons for the rapid growth in the industry since the end of the Second World War are: 1. The changing social economic circumstances. Increase in leisure time   Increase in disposable income   Increased car owner ship 2. Technological developments 3. Product development and innovation 4. Changing consumer needs and expectations and fashions I will explain each of these reasons below E1 Changing Social Economic Circumstances 1. Increase in Leisure Time There are a variety of reasons why there has been n increase in the leisure time. Firstly there has been a decrease in working time since 1971. The table below shows the decrease in working time from 1971 to 2001. Full Time Workers 1971 2001. Weekly hours of work 42. 0 39. 7 This has resulted in an increase in free time for people and therefore more time to go away. People have also been encouraged to take time off work and go on holidays because of the introduction of paid holidays. With the introduction of this it has encouraged people to take holidays because they can take time off work whilst still been paid. There has also been an increase in the amount of days that people have off from work and the annual hours or work per worker has also decreased. All of which equal to an increase in free and leisure time. Full Time Workers 1971 2001 Paid Holiday Days 16. 7 25. 1 Public Holiday Days 6. 0 8. 0 Annual Hours of Work per Worker 1,999 1,807 Another factor for the increase in leisure time is that of more people employed as just part time workers, as the table below shows. Key Labour-Force Statistics 1971 2001 % of Labour Force employed as part-time workers 15. 5 30 This table shows a big increase in the amount of part time workers in 2001. This could mean that if someone only works 4 days a week they will have more leisure time and therefore more time to go on holidays. There have also been changes in the age structure of the population   Decrease in birth rate   Population Getting Older Increase in life expectancy The decrease in birth rate means that people have more time on their hands and also more money because they dont have young children to look after. The growth of the population means that there are more people which can mean more holidays been sold And finally the increase in the life expectancy means that there are more old aged pensioners and when they have retired from the working life they will have a lot more time to do leisure activities. There has been an increase in ready meals. Whereas before the 1990s people would have to go to different shops such as the groceries and the butchers and then preparing all the separate ingredients which were very time consuming. Now you can go to the local supermarket and buy meals already prepared which just need heating up and also they are significantly cheaper. Saving money and time can increase the leisure time. Finally the introduction of household consumer goods means that cleaning up around the house is easier and a lot quicker than before which also saves time. 2. Disposable Income. Disposable Income is money that is left over after you have bought something. This money goes into a variety of things such as the following list:   Tax   National Insurance   Pension   Mortgage   Clothing   Council Tax   Power   Food Individual disposable income has risen in the UK which has meant an increase on the consumer spending on travel and tourism In the economy when there is a recession this means there is high unemployment, high interest rates and high inflation. When the economy circumstances are in recession the taking of holidays is usually one of the first items of household expenditure to be cut out. An example is in the early 1990s recession in the UK led to a decrease in the overseas holidays, with consumer confidence low due to the fears of unemployment and a fall in house prices. When there is a boom in the economy though, this leads to high employment, low in interest rates and low in inflation. This means that there is confidence for the consumers because of the high employment and with extra money through disposable income more money is been spent in the travel and tourism industry. The rate of inflation is another key factor in the UK economy. The rate of inflation is the rise in prices of products and can affect whether people buy certain products and when a holiday increases in price then consumers will look elsewhere if they feel the holiday is not value for money. The exchange rate is also a key feature in the UK economy. When the English pound is strong against other currencies such as the euro and the dollar then people are more likely to travel abroad because they are getting more money for their pound and so outbound tourism is greater. However this affects inbound tourism to the UK because the exchange rate for foreign countries is not as good. 3. Car Ownership Since 1945 there has been an increase in the car ownership that people now have. In 1997 70% of all households in the UK had regular use of at least one car and now there is an estimate of 20 million cars in the UK The effect of households having access to cars is that it can encourage travel in the UK. It is a lot easier to go by car to places than other forms of transport around the UK and this will increase the domestic tourism. In 1998 80% of trips were taken by cars with a 3/4 of the population visiting the countryside at least once a year which shows how important the use of a car has been for the UK tourism. Another factor of the increase in car ownership is that the development of the road network has led to the rise in the visit to the countryside E1 Technological Developments Since the 1940s there has been a steady increase in the technological developments with aircraft, ships and trains all been developed and carrying larger numbers In the 1970s there was the development of the jet engine which encouraged people to travel abroad and with prices falling in recent years and the introduction of cheap airlines such as easy jet it has encouraged people to fly abroad. This has also led to the further developments of package tour holidays with the transport and accommodation all been included. In 1999 the most popular tourist destination abroad was Spain with more than a quarter of UK tourists going there. Below is a table showing the percentage of people going to certain European destinations Under 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 and over All1 Spain 32 28 24 26 26 30 31 27 France 29 17 18 21 19 17 17 20 USA 7 7 9 9 8 6 5 7 Greece 4 10 7 6 7 6 3 6 Eire 2 5 5 5 5 5 7 6 This table also shows the kinds of age groups that visit those countries. Another popular holiday destination outside of Europe is the USA. This is all related to the growth of technology because it has allowed people to travel around more and get to places which were before impossible. www. statistics. gov. uk Following the opening of the channel tunnel there has been more competition for the transport industry. The channel tunnel has offered a quick and cheap way of travel across to channel and into the rest of Europe. With flight prices also falling with the introduction of cheap airlines such as Easy Jet and Ryan Air, people have chosen to go this way because it is the fastest way of travel and with prices falling the best option for many people. This has led to a problem for the ferries on the sea because people have chosen to use over forms of transport such as the airlines, the euro tunnel has also suffered because of this. Airlines can now be cheaper than the ferries and Euro tunnel with the introduction of low cost airlines and quicker. To compete therefore with other forms of transport, ferry has started making their holidays start from the ship with nightclubs, bars, cinemas and other entertainment. This to compete and keep ferry going. 2. Communication and information systems. The development in the communications and information technology systems has resulted in a significant impact on the travel and tourism industry. The computer reservation systems (CRS) and global distribution systems (GDS) has improved the sales of airline tickets, packaged holidays, hotel accommodation and other tourism products since the development in the late 1960s in the USA. The use of Global Distribution Systems has enabled companies such as Thomson to operate commercially in the world and develop partnerships with airlines; hotel groups; tour operators and so on. The internet has had a huge impact on the travel and tourism industry. Back in the 20th century people would go down to the travel agents and book their holidays through this all together with flights, accommodation and so on. However with the introduction of the internet people have found booking holidays through this is usually cheaper and quicker than going down to the travel agents. You can now book each aspect of the holiday separately and many people have recognized this and now you can easily book flights and accommodation on the internet for cheaper than going to the travel agents which have led to problems for the travel agents. 3. Product Development There has been changing needs and expectations of the consumers such as people now expecting to have ensuite bathrooms which have now become a necessity rather than a luxury to people There has also been a development of the mass market tourism industry with resorts such as Euro Disney becoming more and more popular for tourists because it is a holiday which there is something to do all the time. Things like Innovative travel products, domestic tourism and the seaside resorts and holiday camps have all been developed since the 1950s and these have been developed because they are popular and countries can make money and people have the time to go to them. People started to travel abroad in the 1970s because it was becoming possible to do so with the advance in technology such as the introduction of airplanes, people having more time on their hands with things such as paid holidays and as it has become cheaper and cheaper to get abroad people have left the UK as they are guaranteed sun more in other countries than here in the UK. Even though the domestic tourism have fallen since its peak in 1974 of 40 million people the industry has thought back with the development of short breaks such as weekend breaks to major cities in the UK or to country places such as the Lake District for which has offered a cheap and relaxing way to get away for a short time. Blackpool is an example of a 12th month holiday destination. This is because Blackpool has something to offer all year round such as the pleasure beach and the lights as well as concerts. Tour operators, airlines, hotels and travel agents are consistently under pressure to develop their innovative products in order to meet consumer need and retain their market share in the competitive market. Tour operators have successfully developed innovative new products for specific markets such as families and single people. The industry is continuing developing new products and services to cater for all markets. Examples for tour operators developing their products can be offering late deals for cheaper prices and given special offers. For example when a large group are going on a skiing holiday some tour operators will offer discounts on the party. E1 Features of the Travel and Tourism Industry Travel and Tourism can be split into two groups which are:   Commercial (The Private Sector)   Non-Commercial (Public and Voluntary Sectors) The UK travel industry is dominated by the private sector with the majority been small and medium sized organizations. These private sector companies have the main to simply make a profit. The main activities in the private sector are:   Sales Catering and Accommodation. Travel Services Entertainment Many are public limited companies which are owned by shareholders. There is also the Public Sector in the travel and tourism industry. These are largely funded by central or local governments. These organizations include tourist boards and local authorities which run museums, art galleries and tourist information centres. Visit Britain and the National and Regional tourist boards are the key public sector organizations involved in supporting the UK industry. Previously the Visit Britain was known as the BTA. Visit Britain markets Britain to the UK as well as the rest of the world to build on the value of tourism in Britain and throughout the year by creating world class destination brands and marketing campaigns. Its goal is to promote Britain to the rest of the country and the rest of the world. Visit Britain is funded by the Department for culture, media and sport. Regional Tourist Boards support the work of the national tourist boards to promote the domestic tourism. There are 10 regional tourist boards in England and there are 3 in Wales.